Short-term moisture removal can eliminate downy mildew of spinach
Downy mildew is the biggest threat to spinach production around the world. While the pathogen has a short life cycle (approximately a week), it can produce millions of spores during the spinach growing season. Overhead sprinkler irrigation systems and dew formation on cool nights leads to more moisture, which enables these spores to infect the spinach.
Scientists at the University of Arkansas explored the relationship between available moisture and disease establishment and in a recent article they demonstrated that removing moisture decreased both spore survival and disease. Even a 30-minute dry period reduced spore germination to almost zero. Spores were unable to recover and cause disease on spinach.
In another experiment, they found that the micro-environment of a leaf surface can facilitate spore survival. They covered spinach plants with a spore solution and allowed the plants to dry out for different periods of time. They found that when the spores were on the plants, they were better at surviving in dry conditions but after enough time they found a reduction in disease. They also showed that standing water on leaves is essential for the spores to cause disease. These findings can be leveraged to design better disease management strategies for growers.
“We were also interested in understanding how new races of the downy mildew pathogen originate,” explained Braham Dhillon, the first author of the paper. “The pathogen produces another type of long-lived spore known as an oospore, that can become dormant and survive harsh weather and remain viable in soil for long periods of time. But very little is known about the role of oospores in the life cycle of the spinach downy mildew pathogen.”
Dhillon and colleagues were able to artificially produce oospores in the lab by mating two different strains of the downy mildew pathogen. This is a critical step in trying to determine the environmental factors that control oospore dormancy and germination.
“We demonstrated that oospores are produced abundantly in commercial spinach production areas in Arizona and California, the largest spinach growing area in the U.S.,” said Dhillon. “This was the first direct evidence that different strains of the spinach downy mildew were present, can mate, and produce hybrid progeny in the field and potentially contribute to emergence of new pathogenic races of the pathogen.” For more information about this study, read “Sporangiospore Viability and Oospore Production in the Spinach Downy Mildew Pathogen, Peronospora effusa” published in Plant Disease.
Source:
American Phytopathological Society
Journal Reference:
Abstract
Downy mildew of spinach, caused by the obligate pathogen Peronospora effusa, remains the most important constraint in the major spinach production areas in the United States. This disease can potentially be initiated by asexual sporangiospores via “green bridges”, sexually derived oospores from seed or soil, or dormant mycelium. However, the relative importance of the various types of primary inoculum is not well known.
The ability of P. effusa sporangiospores to withstand abiotic stress, such as desiccation, and remain viable during short- and long-distance dispersal and the ability of oospores to germinate and infect seedlings remain unclear. Thus, the primary objectives of this research were to evaluate the impact of desiccation on sporangiospore survival and infection efficiency and examine occurrence, production, and germination of oospores.
Results indicate that desiccation significantly reduces sporangiospore viability as well as infection potential. Leaf wetness duration of 4 h was needed for disease establishment by spinach downy mildew sporangiospores. Oospores were observed in leaves of numerous commercial spinach cultivars grown in California in 2018 and Arizona in 2019. Frequency of occurrence varied between the two states-years.
The presence of opposite mating types in spinach production areas in the United States was demonstrated by pairing isolates in controlled crosses and producing oospores on detached leaves as well as intact plants. Information from the study of variables that affect sporangiospore viability and oospore production will help in improving our understanding of the epidemiology of this important pathogen, which has implications for management of spinach downy mildew.
